We discuss a polynomial approximation on $\mathbb{R}$ with a weight $w$ in $\mathcal{F}(C^{2} +)$ (see Section 2). The de la Vallée Poussin mean $v_n(f)$ of an absolutely continuous function $f$ is not only a good approximation polynomial of $f$, but also its derivatives give an approximation for the derivative $f'$. More precisely, for $1 \leq p \leq \infty$, we have $\lim_{n \rightarrow \infty}\|(f - v_{n}(f))w\|_{L^{p}(\mathbb{R})} =0$ and $\lim_{n \rightarrow \infty}\|(f' - v_{n}(f)')w\|_{L^{p}(\mathbb{R})} =0$ whenever $f''w \in L^{p}(\mathbb{R})$.

We prove that the Frobenius structure constructed from the Gromov–Witten theory for an orbifold projective line with at most $r$ orbifold points is uniquely determined by the WDVV equations with certain natural initial conditions.

For a given irreducible root system, we introduce a partition of (coweight) lattice points inside the dilated fundamental parallelepiped into those of partially closed simplices. This partition can be considered as a generalization and a lattice points interpretation of the classical formula of Worpitzky.

This partition, and the generalized Eulerian polynomial, recently introduced by Lam and Postnikov, can be used to describe the characteristic (quasi)polynomials of Shi and Linial arrangements. As an application, we prove that the characteristic quasi-polynomial of the Shi arrangement turns out to be a polynomial. We also present several results on the location of zeros of characteristic polynomials, related to a conjecture of Postnikov and Stanley. In particular, we verify the “functional equation” of the characteristic polynomial of the Linial arrangement for any root system, and give partial affirmative results on “Riemann hypothesis” for the root systems of type $E_6, E_7, E_8$, and $F_4$.

We consider the rates of the $L^p$-convergence of the Euler-Maruyama and Wong-Zakai approximations of path-dependent stochastic differential equations under the Lipschitz condition on the coefficients. By a transformation, the stochastic differential equations of Markovian type with reflecting boundary condition on sufficiently good domains are to be associated with the equations concerned in the present paper. The obtained rates of the $L^p$-convergence are the same as those in the case of the stochastic differential equations of Markovian type without boundaries.

We present a new Fukushima type decomposition in the framework of semi-Dirichlet forms. This generalizes the result of Ma, Sun and Wang [17, Theorem 1.4] by removing the condition (S). We also extend Nakao's integral to semi-Dirichlet forms and derive Itô's formula related to it.

The paper studies sharp weighted $L^p$ inequalities for the martingale maximal function. Proofs exploit properties of certain special functions of four variables and self-improving properties of $A_p$ weights.

Under a complete Ricci flow, we construct a coupling of two Brownian motions such that their $\mathcal{L}_0$-distance is a supermartingale. This recovers a result of Lott [J. Lott, Optimal transport and Perelman's reduced volume, Calc. Var. Partial Differential Equations 36 (2009), no. 1, 49–84.] on the monotonicity of $\mathcal{L}_0$-distance between heat distributions.