We use a double approximation technique to show existence result for a nonlocal and nonautonomous fragmentation dynamics occurring in a moving process. We consider the case where sizes of clusters are discrete and fragmentation rate is time, position, and size dependent. Our system involving transport and nonautonomous fragmentation processes, where in addition, new particles are spatially randomly distributed according to some probabilistic law, is investigated by means of forward propagators associated with evolution semigroup theory and perturbation theory. The full generator is considered as a perturbation of the pure nonautonomous fragmentation operator. We can therefore make use of the truncation technique (McLaughlin et al., 1997), the resolvent approximation (Yosida, 1980), Duhamel formula (John, 1982), and Dyson-Phillips series (Phillips, 1953) to establish the existence of a solution for a discrete nonlocal and nonautonomous fragmentation process in a moving medium, hereby, bringing a contribution that may lead to the proof of uniqueness of strong solutions to this type of transport and nonautonomous fragmentation problem which remains unsolved.

We consider an additive group structure in digital images and introduce the commutator in digital images. Then we calculate the hypercrossed complex pairings which generates a normal subgroup in dimension 2 and in dimension 3 by using 8-adjacency and 26-adjacency.

The Exp-function method plays an important role in searching for analytic solutions of many nonlinear differential equations. In this paper, we prove that the balancing procedure in the method is unnecessary when the balanced nonlinear term is a product of the dependent variable under consideration and its derivatives. And in this case, the ansatz of the method can be simplified to be with less parameters so as to be easy to calculate.

The Bezier curves method is applied to solve both linear and nonlinear BVPs for fourth-order integrodifferential equations. Also, the presented method is developed for solving BVPs which arise from the problems in calculus of variation. These BVPs result from the Euler-Lagrange equations which are the necessary conditions of the extremums of problems in calculus of variation. Some numerical examples demonstrate the validity and applicability of the technique.