Equivalence of Littlewood–Paley square function and area function characterizations of weighted product Hardy spaces associated to operators

Abstract

Let $L_1$ and $L_2$ be nonnegative self-adjoint operators acting on $L^2(X_1)$ and $L^2(X_2)$, respectively, where $X_1$ and $X_2$ are spaces of homogeneous type. Assume that $L_1$ and $L_2$ have Gaussian heat kernel bounds. This paper aims to study some equivalent characterizations of the weighted product Hardy spaces $H^{p}_{w,L_{1},L_{2}}(X_{1}\times X_{2})$ associated to $L_{1}$ and $L_{2}$, for $p \in (0, \infty)$ and the weight $w$ belongs to the product Muckenhoupt class $ A_{\infty}(X_{1} \times X_{2})$. Our main result is that the spaces $H^{p}_{w,L_{1},L_{2}}(X_{1}\times X_{2})$ introduced via area functions can be equivalently characterized by the Littlewood–Paley $g$-functions and $g^{\ast}_{\lambda_{1}, \lambda_{2}}$-functions, as well as the Peetre type maximal functions, without any further assumption beyond the Gaussian upper bounds on the heat kernels of $L_1$ and $L_2$. Our results are new even in the unweighted product setting.