Let $\mathcal{F}$ be a codimension-one, $C^2$-foliation on a manifold $M$ without boundary. In this work we show that if the Godbillon–Vey class $GV(\mathcal{F}) \in H^3(M)$ is non-zero, then $\mathcal{F}$ has a hyperbolic resilient leaf. Our approach is based on methods of $C^1$-dynamical systems, and does not use the classification theory of $C^2$-foliations. We first prove that for a codimension-one $C^1$-foliation with non-trivial Godbillon measure, the set of infinitesimally expanding points $E(\mathcal{F})$ has positive Lebesgue measure. We then prove that if $E(\mathcal{F})$ has positive measure for a $C^1$-foliation, then $\mathcal{F}$ must have a hyperbolic resilient leaf, and hence its geometric entropy must be positive. The proof of this uses a pseudogroup version of the Pliss Lemma. The first statement then follows, as a $C^2$-foliation with non-zero Godbillon–Vey class has non-trivial Godbillon measure. These results apply for both the case when $M$ is compact, and when $M$ is an open manifold.

Similar to the definition in Riemannian space forms, we define the spacelike Dupin hypersurface in Lorentzian space forms. As conformal invariant objects, spacelike Dupin hypersurfaces are studied in this paper using the framework of the conformal geometry of spacelike hypersurfaces. Further we classify the spacelike Dupin hypersurfaces with constant Möbius curvatures, which are also called conformal isoparametric hypersurface.

We investigate the explicit Galois structure of ray class groups. We then derive consequences of our results concerning both the validity of Leopoldt’s Conjecture and the existence of families of explicit congruence relations between the values of Dirichlet $L$-series at $s=1$.

Motivated by collapsing of Riemannian manifolds and inhomogeneous scaling of left invariant Riemannian metrics on a real Lie group $G$ with a sub-group $H$, we introduce a family of interpolation equations on $G$ with a parameter $\epsilon>0$, interpolating hypo-elliptic diffusions on $H$ and translates of exponential maps on $G$ and examine the dynamics as $\epsilon\to 0$. When $H$ is compact, we use the reductive homogeneous structure of Nomizu to extract a converging family of stochastic processes (converging on the time scale $1/\epsilon$), proving the convergence of the stochastic dynamics on the orbit spaces $G/H$ and their parallel translations, providing also an estimate on the rate of the convergence in the Wasserstein distance. Their limits are not necessarily Brownian motions and are classified algebraically by a Peter–Weyl’s theorem for real Lie groups and geometrically using a weak notion of the naturally reductive property; the classifications allow to conclude the Markov property of the limit process. This can be considered as “taking the adiabatic limit” of the differential operators $\mathcal{L}^\epsilon=(1/\epsilon) \sum_k (A_k)^2+(1/\epsilon) A_0+Y_0$ where $Y_0, A_k$ are left invariant vector fields and $\{A_k\}$ generate the Lie-algebra of $H$.

We study the group of polynomial automorphisms of $\mathbb{C}^3$ (resp. birational self-maps of $\mathbb{P}^3_\mathbb{C}$) that preserve the contact structure.

There is a one-to-one correspondence between associated families of generic conformally flat (local-)hypersurfaces in 4-dimensional space forms and conformally flat 3-metrics with the Guichard condition. In this paper, we study the space of conformally flat 3-metrics with the Guichard condition: for a conformally flat 3-metric with the Guichard condition in the interior of the space, an evolution of orthogonal (local-)Riemannian 2-metrics with constant Gauss curvature $-1$ is determined; for a 2-metric belonging to a certain class of orthogonal analytic 2-metrics with constant Gauss curvature $-1$, a one-parameter family of conformally flat 3-metrics with the Guichard condition is determined as evolutions issuing from the 2-metric.

Klartag recently gave a beautiful alternative proof of the isoperimetric inequalities of Lévy–Gromov, Bakry–Ledoux, Bayle and Milman on weighted Riemannian manifolds. Klartag's approach is based on a generalization of the localization method (so-called needle decompositions) in convex geometry, inspired also by optimal transport theory. Cavalletti and Mondino subsequently generalized the localization method, in a different way more directly along optimal transport theory, to essentially non-branching metric measure spaces satisfying the curvature-dimension condition. This class in particular includes reversible (absolutely homogeneous) Finsler manifolds. In this paper, we construct needle decompositions of non-reversible (only positively homogeneous) Finsler manifolds, and show an isoperimetric inequality under bounded reversibility constants. A discussion on the curvature-dimension condition $\mathrm{CD}(K,N)$ for $N=0$ is also included, it would be of independent interest.

We consider representation varieties in $SL_2$ for lattices in solvable Lie groups, and representation varieties in $\mathfrak{sl}_2$ for finite-dimensional Lie algebras. Inside them, we examine depth 1 characteristic varieties for solvmanifolds, respectively resonance varieties for cochain Differential Graded Algebras of Lie algebras. We prove a general result that leads, in both cases, to the complete description of the analytic germs at the origin, for the corresponding embedded rank 2 jump loci.

A Functional equation $\sum_{i=1}^{m}a_{i}(z)u(\varphi_{i}(z))=f(z)$ is considered. First we show the existence of solutions of formal power series. Second we study the homogeneous equation $(f(z)\equiv 0)$ and construct formal solutions containing exponential factors. Finally it is shown that there exists a genuine solution in a sector whose asymptotic expansion is a formal solution, by using the theory of Borel summability of formal power series. The equation has similar properties to those of irregular singular type in the theory of ordinary differential equations.

We determine the homeomorphism type of the space of smooth complete nonnegatively curved metrics on $S^2$, $RP^2$, and $\mathbb{C}$ equipped with the topology of $C^\gamma$ uniform convergence on compact sets, when $\gamma$ is infinite or is not an integer. If $\gamma=\infty$, the space of metrics is homeomorphic to the separable Hilbert space. If $\gamma$ is finite and not an integer, the space of metrics is homeomorphic to the countable power of the linear span of the Hilbert cube. We also prove similar results for some other spaces of metrics including the space of complete smooth Riemannian metrics on an arbitrary manifold.

Let $M$ be a closed 3-dimensional Riemann manifold and let $3\le r\le \infty$. We prove that there exists an open dense subset in the space of $C^r$ volume-preserving Anosov flows on $M$ such that all the flows in it are exponentially mixing.

We consider the arithmetic exceptionality problem for the generalized Lattès maps on $\mathbf{P}^2$. We prove an existence result for maps arising from the product $E \times E$ of elliptic curves $E$ with CM.

Let $Z$ be the transient reflecting Brownian motion on the closure of an unbounded domain $D\subset \mathbb{R}^d$ with $N$ number of Liouville branches. We consider a diffuion $X$ on $\overline{D}$ having finite lifetime obtained from $Z$ by a time change. We show that $X$ admits only a finite number of possible symmetric conservative diffusion extensions $Y$ beyond its lifetime characterized by possible partitions of the collection of $N$ ends and we identify the family of the extended Dirichlet spaces of all $Y$ (which are independent of time change used) as subspaces of the space $\mathrm{BL}(D)$ spanned by the extended Sobolev space $H_e^1(D)$ and the approaching probabilities of $Z$ to the ends of Liouville branches.

In this paper we define a graded structure induced by operators on a Hilbert space. Then we introduce several concepts which are related to the graded structure and examine some of their basic properties. A theory concerning minimal property and unitary equivalence is then developed. It allows us to obtain a complete description of $\mathcal{V}^\ast(M_{z^k})$ on any $H^2(\omega)$. It also helps us to find that a multiplication operator induced by a quasi-homogeneous polynomial must have a minimal reducing subspace. After a brief review of multiplication operator $M_{z+w}$ on $H^2(\omega,\delta)$, we prove that the Toeplitz operator $T_{z+\overline{w}}$ on $H^2(\mathbb{D}^2)$, the Hardy space over the bidisk, is irreducible.