The Survival of Contact Processes

Abstract

A new proof is given that a contact process on $Z^d$ has a nontrivial stationary measure if the birth rate is sufficiently large. The proof is elementary and avoids the use of percolation processes, which played a key role in earlier proofs. It yields upper bounds for the critical birth rate which are significantly better than those available earlier. In one dimension, these bounds are no more than twice the actual value, and they are no more than four times the actual critical value in any dimension. A lower bound for the particle density of the largest stationary measure is also obtained.