Limit of normalized quadrangulations: The Brownian map

Abstract

Consider q_n a random pointed quadrangulation chosen equally likely among the pointed quadrangulations with n faces. In this paper we show that, when n goes to +∞, q_n suitably normalized converges weakly in a certain sense to a random limit object, which is continuous and compact, and that we name the Brownian map. The same result is shown for a model of rooted quadrangulations and for some models of rooted quadrangulations with random edge lengths. A metric space of rooted (resp. pointed) abstract maps that contains the model of discrete rooted (resp. pointed) quadrangulations and the model of the Brownian map is defined. The weak convergences hold in these metric spaces.